Which approach is characterized by a focus on maximizing efficiency through standardized methods?

The approach characterized by a focus on maximizing efficiency through standardized methods is scientific management. This management theory, developed by Frederick Winslow Taylor in the early 20th century, emphasizes the use of precise, scientific analyses to determine the optimal ways to perform tasks and organize work.

Scientific management advocates for standardizing work processes to enhance productivity and efficiency by minimizing waste and reducing variability in task execution. Techniques such as time studies, work specialization, and the establishment of best practices are central to this approach. By creating a systematic and methodical framework, organizations can ensure that employees are working at their most efficient levels, which ultimately contributes to improved output and overall organizational performance.

In contrast, the human relations approach emphasizes interpersonal relationships and the psychological aspects of work, focusing more on the morale and well-being of employees rather than strict efficiency. A breakthrough culture is more about innovation and adaptability in organizations, while the contingency approach suggests that the best way to manage is contingent upon the specific situation or context, rather than adhering to a standardized method of operation.