Framing in decision making refers to which of the following?

Framing in decision making refers to the influence of how information is presented, specifically the impact that positive versus negative presentations can have on perceptions and choices. This concept is rooted in behavioral economics and psychology, highlighting that the way information is "framed" can significantly alter an individual's response or decision, even if the actual content of the information remains unchanged.

For instance, presenting a choice positively—such as stating that a medical procedure has a 90% success rate—can lead individuals to feel optimistic about that option. Conversely, framing the same choice negatively, by stating that there is a 10% failure rate, may evoke fear or reluctance. This illustrates how the emotional and cognitive responses to decisions can be shaped by the context in which the information is presented, leading to different outcomes based on perceived risks and benefits.

Understanding framing is crucial for effective communication, persuasion in marketing, and ethical decision-making, as it underscores the importance of presentation in influencing behavior and attitudes.